Anurag RANA

The C++ standard libraries provide an extensive set of input/output capabilities which we will see in subsequent chapters. This chapter will discuss very basic and most common I/O operations required for C++ programming. C++ I/O occurs in streams, which are sequences of bytes. If bytes flow from a device like a keyboard, a disk drive, or a network connection etc. to main memory, this is called   input operation   and if bytes flow from main memory to a device like a display screen, a printer, a disk drive, or a network connection, etc., this is called   output operation . Standard Input and Output in C++ is done through the use of  streams . Streams are generic places to send or receive data. In C++, I/O is done through classes and objects defined in the header file  <iostream> .  iostream  stands for standard input-output stream. This header file contains definitions to objects like  cin ,  cout , etc. /O Library Header Files There are following header files important to C++ pro

The major purpose of C++ programming is to introduce the concept of object orientation to the C programming language. Object Oriented Programming is a paradigm that provides many concepts such as  inheritance, data binding, polymorphism etc. The programming paradigm where everything is represented as an object is known as truly object-oriented programming language.  Smalltalk  is considered as the first truly object-oriented programming language. OOPs (Object Oriented Programming System) Object  means a real word entity such as pen, chair, table etc.  Object-Oriented Programming  is a methodology or paradigm to design a program using classes and objects. It simplifies the software development and maintenance by providing some concepts: Object Class Inheritance Polymorphism Abstraction Encapsulation C++ Object In C++, Object is a real world entity, for example, chair, car, pen, mobile, laptop etc. In other words, object is an entity that has state and behavi

An operator is a symbol that tells the compiler to perform specific mathematical or logical manipulations.  Operators are the foundation of any programming language. Thus the functionality of C/C++ programming language is incomplete without the use of operators. We can define operators as symbols that help us to perform specific mathematical and logical computations on operands. In other words, we can say that an operator operates the operands.  Arithmetic Operators It includes basic arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, modulus operations, increment, and decrement. The Arithmetic Operators in C and C++ include:  + (Addition)  – This operator is used to add two operands. – (Subtraction)  – Subtract two operands. * (Multiplication)  – Multiply two operands. / (Division)  – Divide two operands and gives the quotient as the answer. % (Modulus operation)  – Find the remains of two integers and gives the remainder after the division. ++ (Increment)  – U